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Potential allergens include: Peptide Sequence: The actual amino acid sequence can trigger antibodies Particularly with larger, more complex peptides More common with repeated long-term use Excipients and Additives: Mannitol used in lyophilization Acetic acid or other pH adjusters Preservatives in bacteriostatic water Manufacturing residues Bacterial Endotoxins: Lipopolysaccharides from bacterial cell walls Potent inflammatory agents Present in poorly purified peptides Cause fever, chills, severe malaise Testing the Source: To identify the culprit: Switch suppliers: Try pharmaceutical grade peptide from different manufacturer Change reconstitution solution: Use sterile water instead of bacteriostatic water Request LAL testing: Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test detects endotoxins Certificate of analysis: Verify purity and absence of contaminants Patch testing: Small amount applied to skin (medical supervision recommended) Many "allergic reactions" to peptides resolve completely when switching to higher purity sources, suggesting contaminant rather than peptide allergy

Larson, P

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 84.Watmough N.J., Frerman F.E

Kim S, Kim DH, Jung WH, Koo JS (2013) Expression of glutamine metabolism-related proteins according to molecular subtype of breast cancer