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Autophagy in muscular diseases Autophagy is crucial for skeletal muscle homeostasis because it removes damaged organelles and protein aggregates, especially in postmitotic muscle fibers

Ferroptosis has two characteristics: firstly, morphological features, include cell membrane rupture, mitochondrial shrinkage, mitochondrial ridge reduction or even disappearance, increased mitochondrial membrane density, outer membrane rupture, and normal nuclear morphology, but lacking chromatin agglutination

The collective activity of the gut microbiota is indispensable for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, a fundamental pillar of overall host health and a critical defense against a broad spectrum of pathological conditions (181)

It is intriguing that both recombinant IGF-1 (rIGF-1) and viral vectors encoding IGF-1 treatment could promote hepatoprotective activities in liver injury animal models and cirrhotic patients 11,12,13,14,15