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In patients with HBV infection, smoking further increased the HCC risk by 1.4-fold, and even more dramatically, in individuals with HCV infection, the risk of HCC was increased 2.9-fold if there was a history of cigarette smoking [102]

2013: The Lancet "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation": The first randomized trial of e-cigarettes, which showed the devices "were modestly effective" at helping smokers quit, and worked about as well as nicotine patches

doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.09.003

Smoking in asthma associated with elevated total and M1 type macrophage frequencies but a similar association with M2 type macrophage frequencies was not observed (Supplementary Fig